El Salvador is undergoing a dramatic political transformation that could reshape its democratic foundations for decades to come. On Thursday, the country’s Legislative Assembly approved constitutional amendments to extend presidential terms from five to six years and eliminate term limits altogether. These changes clear the way for President Nayib Bukele a controversial, crypto-enthusiastic leader with authoritarian tendencies to potentially remain in power indefinitely.
First elected in 2019 on promises to curb gang violence, Bukele has since consolidated control over key institutions, including the judiciary, allowing his party to rewrite the rules of governance. With his popularity still high and legal barriers removed, Bukele is positioned to become one of Latin America’s most enduring and powerful leaders sparking growing concerns about democratic backsliding and authoritarian entrenchment.
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From Anti-Gang Campaigner to Long-Term Leader
First elected in 2019 on a platform focused on cracking down on gangs, Bukele was originally barred from running for re-election in 2024. However, a 2021 ruling by El Salvador’s Supreme Court of Justice—which Bukele’s New Ideas Party effectively influenced by replacing opposing magistrates—allowed the president to run for a second term. This move has been widely criticized as a consolidation of power and a step toward authoritarianism.
Bukele was re-elected under these contentious circumstances in 2024, with his term set to end on June 1, 2029. Yet, proposals from lawmakers within his party suggest moving up the next election to June 1, 2027, aligning presidential elections with congressional ones. This strategic adjustment, coupled with the constitutional changes, is expected to strengthen Bukele’s grip on power by enabling indefinite re-election and extending term lengths.
Legislative Vote and Democratic Concerns
The Assembly’s vote on removing presidential term limits and extending term lengths passed overwhelmingly, with 57 in favor and just 3 against. Among the dissenters, Marcela Villatoro of the Nationalist Republican Alliance expressed strong concerns about the democratic implications of the reforms.
“You don’t realize what indefinite reelection brings: It brings an accumulation of power and weakens democracy … there’s corruption and clientelism because nepotism grows and halts democracy and political participation,” Villatoro warned.
Bukele’s Ties and Governance Controversies
Despite the seismic political shifts, Bukele has not publicly commented on the constitutional amendments on his social media channels. Known for his admiration of figures like Elon Musk and Donald Trump, Bukele’s administration has drawn international attention for its hardline approach to security and governance.
In April, Trump met with Bukele at the White House amid controversy over U.S. policies sending migrants to El Salvador’s detention centers, which have been criticized for inhumane conditions. Meanwhile, investigative reports suggest Bukele’s government may have secretly negotiated with gangs to reduce violence—a claim Bukele denies, instead taking credit for the drop in crime due to his harsh crackdown.
The Risky Bet on Cryptocurrency
Bukele has made cryptocurrency a cornerstone of his economic strategy, holding approximately $550 million—about 15% of El Salvador’s foreign exchange reserves—in bitcoin. While this has drawn attention amid recent crypto market highs, the volatility of bitcoin presents significant risks for the country’s economy.
In 2024, El Salvador secured a $1.4 billion bailout from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), agreeing to scale back its crypto ambitions. However, the government has continued purchasing bitcoin, acquiring at least 240 BTC since December 2025. With bitcoin trading near record highs, the move is risky and could jeopardize future IMF support if the crypto market falters.
Frequently Asked Questions
What constitutional changes were made in El Salvador?
The Legislative Assembly approved reforms extending presidential terms from five to six years and abolishing term limits. This allows a president to be re-elected indefinitely.
How does this impact President Nayib Bukele?
Bukele, already re-elected in 2024 under controversial circumstances, can now seek re-election repeatedly, potentially remaining in power for life.
Was indefinite re-election allowed before?
No. El Salvador’s constitution previously prohibited immediate re-election. A 2021 Supreme Court ruling—following a purge of justices by Bukele’s party—reinterpreted the law to allow it.
Is this legal under international law?
While technically legal under El Salvador’s current constitutional interpretation, international human rights groups and watchdogs argue that it undermines democratic norms and separation of powers.
Why is Bukele popular despite authoritarian concerns?
He’s credited with drastically reducing gang violence, which has improved public safety. His strongman approach and anti-corruption rhetoric resonate with many Salvadorans.
What role does cryptocurrency play in Bukele’s government?
Bukele made bitcoin legal tender and invested around $550 million in it—roughly 15% of El Salvador’s foreign reserves. The move is controversial due to crypto’s volatility.
Has El Salvador’s crypto strategy affected its international standing?
Yes. The IMF warned against bitcoin use and agreed to a $1.4 billion bailout on the condition of reduced crypto exposure. Despite this, El Salvador has continued buying bitcoin.
Conclusion
El Salvador’s recent constitutional reforms signal a dramatic shift away from democratic norms and toward prolonged centralized power under President Bukele. Combined with his aggressive security policies and high-stakes economic gambles on cryptocurrency, Bukele’s presidency marks a critical turning point for the country’s political and economic future.
